Notes
1. Regarding the income tax books, pick Groeneveld, Tuma, and you can Hannan (1980), Alm and you can Whittington (1999, 1997, and you will 1995), Whittington and Alm (1997), Sjoquist and you will Walker (1995), Gelardi (1996). About passion literature, pick Moffitt (1998) for an extensive survey.
dos. An ever-increasing literary works finds you to fees is actually correlated on time from occurrences in addition to birth (Dickert-Conlin and Chandra 1999), marriage (Alm and you may Whittington 1997; Gelardi 1996), money progress realization (Burman and you may Randolph 1994), and charity benefits (Randolph 1995).
cuatro. There had been just one.5 mil widowers, which have 275,000 between the age of 55 and you will 64 (Lugaila 1998). Original data for the an example of men is most loud offered these types of small test models.
5. Almost every other literatures target this performance layout, however the ple, there clearly was an implicit subsidy for delaying summary from financial support progress in the way of deferred tax, causing people so you’re able to sidestep more productive expenditures and you will leading to efficiency losings (pick Auerbach 1992, such as for instance). The storyline is analogous to have marriage choices.
eight. The new Societal Defense Management computes a person’s PIA according to the individuals mediocre money from inside the Societal Defense shielded work.
8. For those born in advance of 1940, brand new NRA to own widow(er) benefits is years 65. Having after delivery cohorts, new NRA is actually slowly ascending so you can years 67.
nine. Officially, of a personal Safeguards direction, a good widow achieves ages 60 “the initial second” of the day in advance of their 60th birthday.
ten. That high implication of this law would be the fact a widow you will definitely remarry when ahead of ages sixty, legitimately divorce case during the many years 59 ages and you may 364 months, and you can ree person) on her 60th birthday celebration instead of shedding qualifications having widow pros. We really do not have the suitable research to take on this type out of decisions.
a dozen. Without a doubt, it is not probably the 2 men could have identical PIA s, however, we might expect the original and you may second husband to be off similar socioeconomic experiences meaning that possess more or less equivalent earnings and you will PIA s. An average PIA of men retiring in the 1998 involved $step 1,000 ( You.S. Personal Shelter Government 1999).
13. It assumes on a month-to-month rate of interest of 0.25 percent. Towards the a yearly foundation, it is close to the 3 percent genuine price out-of come back your Public Defense Trust Fund try projected to earn (Board of Trustees 1999). Contained in this example, i guess a good widow gets a predetermined dollars amount having an excellent specified age days. In reality, Personal Cover pros and you can PIA s is adjusted to have inflation over big date. In the present value calculations, i make use of the repaired dollars quantity just like the i use a real rate of interest into the discounting.
14. For all of us produced immediately following 1928, 40 “quarters” from trГ¤ffa belarusian kvinna fГ¶r Г¤ktenskap operate in Personal Safeguards secure work are crucial to possess fully insured position. For those created inside or before 1928, how many needed household try reduced. Pick U.S. Personal Safeguards Administration (1999) for more info.
fifteen. This laws in addition to invited a tiny recipient class, disabled widow(er) s and you may disabled thriving separated partners, old 50 otherwise old, to help you remarry as opposed to loss of pros.
I only were former kid-in-proper care widows with not reestablished entitlement towards the works info of the dry husbands
17. I mark data off Societal Defense information removed during the July away from 1998 and exclude ladies who was indeed fully insured in their own personal proper. This is basically the reason behind all of our assertion that these female remarried in advance of decades 60. That’s, once they got remarried shortly after decades 60, we expect that they might be receiving widow pros in lieu of companion professionals given that widow advantages were higher. Even if mate pros were apparently higher, i expect which they will have claimed widow gurus at ages 60 so you’re able to 62 (many years whenever companion positives cannot be advertised).